Jainism: The 24 Tīrthaṅkaras

🕉️ Torchbearers of Eternal Truth | Sanatana Decode


🌄 Who Are the Tīrthaṅkaras?

In Jain Dharma, the Tīrthaṅkaras (Ford-Makers) are the supreme spiritual teachers who have attained perfect knowledge (Kevala Jñāna) and created a tīrtha—a spiritual crossing—for others to follow. They are not incarnations of God but liberated souls (Siddhas) who reestablish Dharma in times of spiritual decline.

Jainism is unique in teaching that time is eternal and cyclical, divided into ascending (Utsarpiṇī) and descending (Avasarpiṇī) half-cycles. In each half-cycle, 24 Tīrthaṅkaras manifest. We currently live in the Avasarpiṇī phase, and the last Tīrthaṅkara was Śrī Mahāvīra.


📿 Significance of the Number 24

Why exactly 24? The number symbolizes the complete set of qualities needed to reach moksha: detachment, compassion, omniscience, and perfect conduct. These 24 beings are ideal role models, each displaying unique virtues, symbols, and life histories.

They are not worshipped for miracles, but for their conquest of inner enemies: anger, pride, deceit, and greed.


🪔 Full List of the 24 Tīrthaṅkaras (With Key Attributes)

No.NameSymbolColorFatherBirthplace
1RishabhanāthaBullGoldenNābhirājaAyodhyā
2AjitanāthaElephantGoldenJitashatruAyodhyā
3SambhavanāthaHorseGoldenJitariŚrāvasti
4AbhinandananāthaMonkeyGoldenSamvaraAyodhyā
5SumatināthaCurlewGoldenMeghaAyodhyā
6PadmaprabhaLotusRedŚridharaKaushāmbī
7SuparśvanāthaSwastikaGreenPratishthaVārāṇasī
8CandraprabhaMoonWhiteMahāsenaChandrapur
9SuvidhināthaCrocodileGoldenSugrīvaKakandi
10ŚītalanāthaKalpavṛkṣaGoldenDridharathaBhaddilapura
11ŚreyāṃsanāthaRhinocerosGoldenVishnuSimhapura
12VāsupūjyaBuffaloRedVasupūjyaChampāpur
13VimalanāthaBoarGoldenKritavarmaKampilapura
14AnantanāthaFalconGoldenSimhasenaAyodhyā
15DharmanāthaVajraGoldenBhānuRatanpur
16ŚāntināthaDeerGoldenVishvasenaHastināpura
17KunthunāthaGoatGoldenSūryasenaHastināpura
18ArahanāthaNandavartaGoldenSudarśanaHastināpura
19MallināthaWaterpotBlueKumbhaMithilā
20MunisuvratanāthaTortoiseGoldenSumitraRājagriha
21NamināthaBlue LotusGoldenVijayMithilā
22NemināthaConchBlue-blackSamudravijayaShauripur
23PārśvanāthaSnakeGreenAśvasenaVārāṇasī
24MahāvīraLionGoldenSiddhārthaKuṇḍagrāma (Vaishali)

✨ A Few Remarkable Tīrthaṅkaras

1. Rishabhanātha (Ādinātha)

The first Tīrthaṅkara, regarded as the founder of Jain Dharma in this age.
He taught the basic principles of agriculture, cooking, and social living, and had sons like Bharata and Bahubali.
He is often associated with Shiva in some Purāṇic accounts.


23. Pārśvanātha

He lived 250 years before Mahāvīra.
He reformed spiritual conduct and taught the 4-fold code of ethics:

  1. Ahimsa (Non-violence)
  2. Satya (Truth)
  3. Asteya (Non-stealing)
  4. Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness)

His symbol is the serpent, and many believe he protected devotees from calamities.


24. Mahāvīra

The final Tīrthaṅkara of our age.
He added Brahmacharya (celibacy) to the existing 4 vows.
Established the fourfold sangha: monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen.
He passed into nirvāṇa at the age of 72 in Pāvāpurī, Bihar.


🕊️ Why Are They Worshipped?

Tīrthaṅkaras are not gods in the creator sense, but spiritual victors who show the path.
They are role models, not miracle-workers.

Jinas are not saviours, but guides. The soul must save itself.”

Worship of Tīrthaṅkaras represents a desire to follow their path, to cleanse our karmas and reach liberation.


📜 Sanskrit Verse Honoring the Tīrthaṅkaras

अरिहंतो भगवंतो सिद्धचक्रेश्वरास्तथा।
सर्वे ते जिनपुंगवाः स्मरणात् पाप नाशनाः॥

Arihanto Bhagavanto Siddha-cakreśvarās tathā।
Sarve te Jinapuṅgavāḥ Smaraṇāt pāpa nāśanāḥ॥

“The Arihantas, the Siddhas, and the supreme Jinas—just remembering them destroys all sins.”


🧘 Reflection: Bringing Their Path into Our Life

Even if we can’t renounce the world like them, we can:

Practice daily silence or mindfulness
Speak truth without harm
Reduce greed, pride, or anger
Revere all life as sacred

The Tīrthaṅkaras didn’t leave philosophies to argue about. They lived perfect lives as blueprints for our own spiritual journey.

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